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Library instruction

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr">Library instruction, also called bibliographic instruction, user education and library orientation, is the process where <a href="Librarian" title="Librarian">librarians</a> teach their patrons how to access information in <a href="Library" title="Library">libraries</a>. It often involves instruction about research and organizational tools and methods.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It prepares individuals to make immediate and lifelong use of information effectively by teaching the concepts and logic of information access and evaluation, and by fostering information independence and <a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>. Above all they are aimed at equipping library users with skills to locate library sources and use them effectively to satisfy their information needs.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Library instruction began in the nineteenth century in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In 1880, <a href="Justin_Winsor" title="Justin Winsor">Justin Winsor</a>, president of the <a href="American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> (ALA), redefined the role of the librarian as also a teacher.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In a 1912 ALA survey, 57% of respondents offered required or elective library instruction courses.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> There was little academic interest in the subject until the 1960s and early 1970s, when interest blossomed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> During this time, library instruction had solidified into a system where librarians would teach their patrons not only how to locate information in a physical library, but how to interact with the material, how to learn it, and how to apply those skills to their everyday lives.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The newfound rise in the popularity of <a href="Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">library sciences</a> precipitated the creation of the Library Orientation Exchange (LOEX), "a non-profit, self-supporting educational clearinghouse". With its collection of print and digital materials, the organization had over 650 members in North America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>

In <a href="Research_library" title="Research library">research libraries</a>, the bibliographic instruction started to be a mainstream and standard library service.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Library instruction pioneer Miriam Sue Dudley's library instruction materials, originally produced in 1970 for a <a href="Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a> student group at <a href="UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, are an example of such materials now available online.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

Library instruction is evolving to adapt to the changing concepts of information use and understanding. Model programs, in order to be meaningful and effective, should respond to the changing information environment. New methods of library instruction, such as the <a href="Cephalonian_method" title="Cephalonian method">Cephalonian method</a>, reflect changes in <a href="Instructional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Instructional technology">instructional technology</a> and <a href="Education_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Education theory">education theory</a>. Information and communication technology literacy (ICT) is an example of a modern approach to library instruction.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> ICT extends <a href="Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">information literacy</a> to the use of computer technology in a variety of forms to manipulate, deliver, and receive information and ideas. A model library instruction program utilizes complementary tools and resources to deliver memorable, interactive instruction. These resources are necessary to engage the attention of contemporary patrons immersed in a media environment.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_information_literacy">Relationship to information literacy</h2></div>

According to the Presidential Committee on Information Literacy, <a href="Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">information literacy</a> is the set of skills a person needs to be "able to recognize when information is needed and the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In an academic setting, instruction in information literacy can take on a variety of forms, such as a long class or a project integrated into a course on related subject matter. In the United States, literacy competency standards are outlined by the <a href="Association_of_College_and_Research_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of College and Research libraries">Association of college and Research Libraries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

Currently there are debates about whether instruction on how to use library systems is necessary, or if efforts are better spent making systems easier to use so that they require no instruction. A particular study published in the <a href="The_Journal_of_Academic_Librarianship" title="The Journal of Academic Librarianship">Journal of Academic Librarianship</a> indicates that the most predominant model of teaching information literacy, the one-shot session model, is ineffective and doesn't really make a perceptible difference in the grades of the students. However, the same study also indicated that students who attended a longer class with a library instruction session scored significantly higher, indicating that it may not be the idea of the instruction that is flawed, but rather the method.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats">Formats</h2></div>

Library instruction sessions can be held in person, through pre-recorded or written materials, or live over the internet.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> In-person sessions can, as part of a formal formal class, in small groups, or one-on-one.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> After 2015, <a href="Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">webinars</a> began to be part of the library instruction programs. During the <a href="2020_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 COVID-19 pandemic">2020 COVID-19 pandemic</a>, this form of teaching became the norm for university libraries around the world.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a>

One-on-one sessions held by universities are sometimes referred to as a "term paper clinic" or a "research consultation." Universities may also incorporate library instruction sessions as part of regular coursework, for example, as a one-shot class meeting held just before a <a href="Term_paper" title="Term paper">term paper</a> is assigned. The goal of the librarian is to orient the class to the best library sources for use in a term paper.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Course-related instruction, while perceived as effective, is a staff-intensive process lead by <a href="Professor" title="Professor">professors</a> and not librarians.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

Library instruction can also benefit from the utilization of <a href="Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> and gaming designed for information literacy. When incorporating <a href="Game_design" title="Game design">design principles from gaming</a> into information literacy instruction, instructional librarians can teach students how to succeed through long, complex, and difficult tasks<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> while still keeping the learning experience engaging. Library instruction and active learning information literacy workshops can also be facilitated by <a href="Theatre_technique" title="Theatre technique">theater techniques</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> by the rules of <a href="Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> or by <a href="Humour" title="Humour">humor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_library_instruction">Critical library instruction</h3></div>

Critical library instruction is rooted in the idea that knowledge is culturally situated, and thus, instruction must be as well.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Characterized by a <a href="Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a>-based approach that is deeply connected to the context and information needs of the learner, critical library instruction always begins with an assessment of the learner's context and their information needs. Critical library instruction problematizes traditional methods of teaching information literacy skills as privileging particular ways of knowing in academic contexts,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and instead advocates a method of teaching that emphasizes the learner's frame of reference and information needs.

Influenced by <a href="Critical_pedagogy" title="Critical pedagogy">critical pedagogy</a>, an educational philosophy that address problems and questions of particular relevance to the lives of students, critical library instruction aims to provide the same approach to students’ information needs and practices. From <a href="Critical_literacy" title="Critical literacy">critical literacy</a>, critical library instruction approaches literacy as political and literacy instruction as a political act;<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> thus, critical library instruction requires instructors to maintain awareness of power dynamics, <a href="Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">identity intersections</a>, and to challenge their own definitions of literacy in order to provide meaningful instruction to their particular students.

<ul><li><a href="Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li>

<li><a href="CRAAP_test" title="CRAAP test">CRAAP test</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_cycle" title="Information cycle">Information cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cephalonian_method" title="Cephalonian method">Cephalonian method</a></li>

<li><a href="Usability" title="Usability">Usability</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFReitz2004" class="citation book cs1">Reitz, Joan M. (2004). "bibliographic instruction (BI)". Dictionary for Library and Information Science. Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited. p. 71. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-59158-075-7</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobinsonWinsor1880" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Otis H.; Winsor, Justin (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000962181">College libraries as aids to instruction</a>. Govt. Print. Off. <q>The librarian becomes a teacher (...) to make the library the grand rendezvous of the college for teacher and pupil alike.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTucker1980" class="citation journal cs1">Tucker, John Mark (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/7115/librarytrendsv29i1c_opt.pdf?sequence=1">"User education in academic libraries: A century in retrospect"</a> (PDF). Library Trends. 28: 9–27.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLorenzen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenzen, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryinstruction.com/lihistory.html">"A Brief History of Library Instruction in the United States of America"</a>. Illinois Libraries. 83 (2): 8–18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrassianKaplowitz2010" class="citation book cs1">Grassian, Esther S.; Kaplowitz, Joan R. (2010). "Information Literacy Instruction". In Marcia J. Bates (ed.). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Third Edition. Vol. 3. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis. pp. 2429–2430. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1081%2FE-ELIS3-120043277">10.1081/E-ELIS3-120043277</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8493-9712-7</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChadÏeyGavryck1989" class="citation journal cs1">ChadÏey, Otis; Gavryck, JacqueÏyn (1989). "Bibliographic Instruction Trends in Research Libraries". Research Strategies. 7 (3): 106–113. <q>Bibliographic instruction in research libraries has moved status as a flush-time luxury to that of a mainstream library service (...) BI has moved to center stage as standard service.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/acrl/publications/whitepapers/presidential">"Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report"</a>. Association of College and Research Libraries (ARCL). 2006-07-24. Retrieved December 18, 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Kasowitz-Scheer, A. & Pasqualoni, M. (2002) Information literacy instruction in higher education: Trends and issues. Eric Digest. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=sul">http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=sul</a>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Rinto, E. (2015) Library instruction and themed composition courses: An investigation of factors that impact student learning. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 41(1), 14-20.

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<li id="cite_note-:1-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSalony1995" class="citation journal cs1">Salony, Mary F (July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719184050/http://libsnap.dom.edu/Reserves/Removed%20Reserves/LIS764Cason/LIS764Cason_History.pdf">"The history of bibliographic instruction: Changing trends from books to the electronic world"</a> (PDF). The Reference Librarian. 24 (51/52): 31–51. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ120v24n51_06">10.1300/J120v24n51_06</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1541-1117">1541-1117</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libsnap.dom.edu/Reserves/Removed%20Reserves/LIS764Cason/LIS764Cason_History.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-07-19.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMartinolli2021" class="citation journal cs1">Martinolli, Pascal (2021-05-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.lib.uoguelph.ca/index.php/perj/article/view/6392">"Library Instruction in Pandemic Times: Early Morning Webinars"</a>. Partnership: The Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research. 16 (1): 1–11. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21083%2Fpartnership.v16i1.6392">10.21083/partnership.v16i1.6392</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1866%2F24056">1866/24056</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-9593">1911-9593</a>. Retrieved 2021-05-21.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBecker2013" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, Bernd (2013). "Gamification of Library Instruction". Behavioral & Social Science Librarian. 32 (3). Taylor & Francis Group: 199. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639269.2013.821372">10.1080/01639269.2013.821372</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1544-4546">1544-4546</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFuray2014" class="citation journal cs1">Furay, Julia (2014-06-03). "Stages of instruction: theatre, pedagogy and information literacy". Reference Services Review. 42 (2): 209–228. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FRSR-09-2013-0047">10.1108/RSR-09-2013-0047</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-7324">0090-7324</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMartinolli2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martinolli, Pascal (2019-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/handle/1866/22410">"De maître-élèves à hôte-invités : revisiter le cadre relationnel des formations en bibliothèque"</a>. Colloque des Bibliothèques d'Enseignement Supérieur (in French).</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWalker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Billie E. (2006). "Using humor in library instruction". Reference Services Review. 34 (1): 117–128. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F00907320610648806">10.1108/00907320610648806</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-7324">0090-7324</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLukeKapitzke1999" class="citation journal cs1">Luke, A; Kapitzke, C (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.qut.edu.au/5904/1/5904.pdf">"Literacies and libraries: archives and cybraries"</a> (PDF). Pedagogy, Culture & Society. 7 (3): 467–491. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14681369900200066">10.1080/14681369900200066</a>.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li>Davis, R. C. (1886). Teaching bibliography in colleges. Library journal, 11 (September), pp. 289–94.</li>

<li>Hopkins, F. L. (1982). A century of bibliographic instruction: The historic claim to professional and academic legitimacy. College and research libraries, 43 (May), pp. 192–98.</li>

<li>Lorenzen, M. (2003). Encouraging community in library instruction: A jigsaw experiment in a university library skills classroom. Illinois Libraries 85(1): 5–14.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instructionwiki.org/Main_Page">Library Instruction Wiki</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryinstruction.com/">Library Instruction.Com</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815133310/http://www.emich.edu/public/loex/loex.html">LOEX Clearinghouse for Library Instruction</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Libraries_and_library_science919" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Library" title="Library">Libraries</a> and <a href="Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of library</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_library" title="Academic library">Academic</a></li>

<li><a href="Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Library branch">Branch</a></li>

<li><a href="Library#Children's_libraries" title="Library">Children's</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_library" title="Christian library">Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_consortium" title="Library consortium">Consortium</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_library" title="Hybrid library">Hybrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Lending_library" title="Lending library">Lending</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_things" title="Library of things">Library of things</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_library" title="Medical library">Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Bookmobile" title="Bookmobile">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_library" title="Music library">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="National_library" title="National library">National</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">Presidential</a>

<li><a href="Prison_library" title="Prison library">Prison</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a>

<ul><li><a href="Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">Carnegie</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Research_library" title="Research library">Research</a></li>

<li><a href="School_library" title="School library">School</a>

<ul><li><a href="Learning_Resource_Centre" title="Learning Resource Centre">Learning Resource Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_school_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="Virtual school libraries in the United States">virtual</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Special_collections" title="Special collections">Special collections</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_library" title="Special library">Special library</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Street</a></li>

<li><a href="Subscription_library" title="Subscription library">Subscription</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_library" title="Transportation library">Transportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Traveling_library" title="Traveling library">Traveling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="Librarian" title="Librarian">librarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Distance_education_librarian" title="Distance education librarian">Distance education</a></li>

<li><a href="E-Science_librarianship" title="E-Science librarianship">E-science</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_librarianship" title="Music librarianship">Music</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ensemble_librarianship" title="Ensemble librarianship">ensemble</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Periodicals_librarian" title="Periodicals librarian">Periodicals/serials</a></li>

<li><a href="Teacher-librarian" title="Teacher-librarian">School</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_professional" title="Information professional">Information professional</a></li>

<li><a href="Informationist" title="Informationist">Informationist</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_and_information_scientist" title="Library and information scientist">Library and information scientist</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_for_librarianship" title="Education for librarianship">Education for librarianship</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_acquisitions" title="Library acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></li>

<li><a href="Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_assessment" title="Library assessment">Assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">Cataloging</a>

<ul><li><a href="Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">catalog</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_circulation" title="Library circulation">Circulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Collection_development" title="Collection development">Collection development</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_collection" title="Collective collection">Collective collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_books%2C_manuscripts%2C_documents_and_ephemera" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Discovery_system_(bibliographic_search)" title="Discovery system (bibliographic search)">Discovery system</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_resource_management" title="Electronic resource management">Electronic resource management</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">Legal deposit</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_history" title="Library history">Library history</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_publishing" title="Library publishing">Library publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Readers'_advisory" title="Readers' advisory">Readers' advisory</a></li>

<li><a href="Reference_desk" title="Reference desk">Reference</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_reference" title="Digital reference">virtual</a></li>

<li><a href="Roving_reference" title="Roving reference">roving</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Library_technical_services" title="Library technical services">Technical services</a></li>

<li><a href="Weeding_(library)" title="Weeding (library)">Weeding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">History of libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">History of library science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libraries">Libraries</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_libraries_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libraries by country">by country</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_libraries_in_the_ancient_world" title="List of libraries in the ancient world">ancient</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">destroyed</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_medical_libraries" title="List of medical libraries">medical</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_national_and_state_libraries" title="List of national and state libraries">national</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_library_associations" title="List of library associations">Library associations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_library_science_schools" title="List of library science schools">Library schools</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_librarians" title="List of librarians">Librarians</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_female_librarians" title="List of female librarians">women</a></li>

<li><a href="Libraries_and_librarians_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries and librarians in fiction">fictional</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_archivists" title="List of archivists">Archivists</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_female_archivists" title="List of female archivists">women</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category:Libraries</li>

<li> Category:Library science</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Libraries" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Libraries">Commons</a></li>

<li> <a href="Glossary_of_library_and_information_science" title="Glossary of library and information science">Glossary</a></li>

<li> <a href="Outline_of_library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of library science">Outline</a></li>

<li> WikiProject</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17152826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata646" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17152826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata646" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85076708">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565670205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/379888af-05c8-4c4b-9ba8-886b0471e4a6">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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